Reasons for Referral
There are many reasons a general veterinarian would refer a cat or dog to a specialist.
Indications For Endoscopy
- Abdominal distention
- Cardiac murmur
- Cardiac arrhythmia
- Cardiomegaly
- Cough
- Delayed gastric emptying
- Duodenal neoplasia
- Duodenal FB
- Duodenal ulcer
- Enteritis
- Esophagitis
- Esophageal stricture
- Esophageal FB
- Esophageal neoplasia
- Gastritis
- Gastric FB
- Gastric neoplasia
- Gastric ulcer
- Pyloric hypertrophy
- Weakness and collapse
- Many others
Indications for Laparoscopy
- Need to view abdominal viscera
- Biopsy of visceral organs (liver, kidney, pancreas, bowel, peritoneum, spleen, prostate)
- Evaluation of patency of bile duct
- Pancreatic evaluation
- Artificial insemination
- Stage abdominal tumors
- Surgical intervention
- Gastropexy
- Spay
- Renal “capsular cyst” window
- Nephrectomy
- Adrenalectomy
- Cholecystectomy
- Evaluate abdominal trauma
- Hepatic/splenic laceration
- Diaphragmatic hernia
- Bladder rupture
- Abdominal hernia